海南省城镇饮用水卫生监督管理规定

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海南省城镇饮用水卫生监督管理规定

海南省人民政府


海南省城镇饮用水卫生监督管理规定
海南省人民政府



《海南省城镇饮用水卫生监督管理规定》已经1998年8月31日海南省人民政府第8次常务会议通过,现予发布施行。


第一条 为保证我省城镇饮用水卫生安全,保障人体健康,依据国家有关法律、法规,结合本省实际,制定本规定。
第二条 本规定适用于本省城镇的城市公共供水、二次供水、自建设施供水和饮用水供水设备及用品。
城市公共供水,是指城市自来水供水企业以公共供水管道及其附属设施向单位和居民的生活提供用水。
二次供水,是指将城市公共供水的管道水另行加压、贮存,再送至水站或用户的供水;包括客运船舶、火车等交通运输工具上的供水。
自建设施供水,是指城市的用水单位以其自行建设的供水管道及其附属设施主要向本单位的生活提供用水。
饮用水供水设备及用品,是指在饮用水供水过程中与饮用水直接接触的设备及各种管材、管件、防护涂料、净水剂、除垢剂、水质处理器等材料、化学物质及用具。
第三条 省级卫生行政部门主管全省城镇饮用水的卫生监督管理工作。县级以上卫生行政部门主管本行政区域内的城镇饮用水的卫生监督和管理。
各级卫生防疫机构受卫生行政部门委托具体负责城镇饮用水的卫生监测工作。
水利、建设、环境保护等有关部门在各自的职责范围内负责饮用水的卫生管理工作。
第四条 城市公共供水、二次供水、自建设施供水的单位应当具备下列条件,经县级以上卫生行政部门审核,发给卫生合格证:
(一)供水水质符合国家饮用水卫生标准;
(二)有基本的水质净化及消毒设施;
(三)有合格的水质卫生管理人员;
(四)有饮用水卫生管理制度、设施清洗制度和水质消毒制度;
(五)城市公共供水单位还应当配备必要的水质检测人员和设备。
城镇饮用水卫生合格证每两年审核一次。
第五条 供水设施的产权单位或其委托、授权管理的单位是供水设施管理责任单位,负责供水设施的日常卫生管理。
第六条 供水设施选址、设计、施工及所用材料,应当符合国家有关规定,保证不使饮用水水质受到污染,并有利于清洗和消毒。
第七条 新建、改建、扩建城市公共供水工程、二次供水项目,应当符合国家卫生标准。城市公共供水工程项目的选址、设计、审查和竣工验收由城镇供水行政部门主管,应当有卫生行政部门参加。二次供水设施竣工后,经卫生行政部门验收合格,方可使用。
第八条 城市公共供水水源地应当设置水源保护区。水源保护区的卫生监督管理,按照国家和本省有关法律、法规的规定执行。
第九条 二次供水系统应当结构严密,防止倒虹吸;各类蓄水设备应当加强卫生防护,低位水池10米范围内不得有厕所、垃圾堆、污水沟等污染源,高位水箱必须加盖、加锁。
第十条 自建设施供水的水源、水井应当加盖或密封,水源30米范围内不得有渗水性厕所、污水坑、粪坑及垃圾、废渣等污染源。
第十一条 二次供水和自建设施供水的蓄水设备清洗、消毒每半年不得少于一次。经监测水质不合格者,应当及时清洗、消毒,达到规定标准。
第十二条 从事饮用水供水设施清洗、消毒、检修的单位,应当符合下列条件,并接受县级以上卫生行政部门监督和管理:
(一)有工商行政管理部门颁发的营业执照;
(二)有卫生管理制度;
(三)有清洗、消毒的设备;
(四)有合格的从业人员。
第十三条 直接从事饮用水供水、管水和供水设施清洗、消毒、检修的人员,必须每年进行一次健康检查,取得体检合格证后,方可上岗工作。
患有痢疾、伤寒、病毒性肝炎、活动性肺结核等传染病或化脓性、渗出性皮肤病及其它有碍饮用水卫生的疾病者和病原携带者,不得直接从事供水、管水和供水设施清洗、消毒、检修工作。
直接从事供水、管水和供水设施清洗、消毒、检修的人员,未经卫生知识培训,不得上岗工作。
第十四条 城市公共供水单位应当按照省卫生行政部门规定的项目,建立健全对水源水、出厂水、末梢水的水质检测制度,并向卫生防疫机构定期报送检测资料。
卫生防疫机构可以根据需要,进行监督性抽检。
第十五条 卫生防疫机构应当按照国家饮用水卫生标准,对二次供水单位的水质每半年检测一次,对自建设施供水单位的水池水、水塔水、水源水每年监测一次。
第十六条 卫生防疫机构按照本规定第十四条、第十五条实施卫生监测的结果,应当定期报卫生行政部门备案,作为审核发放供水卫生合格证的依据。
第十七条 监督监测收费按照省价格主管部门规定的标准和《海南省行政事业性收费管理办法》的有关规定执行。
第十八条 当供水被污染,可能危及人体健康时,有关单位或责任人应当立即采取措施,消除污染,并在12小时内向当地卫生行政部门和城镇供水行政部门报告。
第十九条 医疗机构发现因污染出现的介水传染病或化学中毒病例时,应当在12小时内向当地卫生行政部门和卫生防疫机构报告,受理报告的卫生行政部门和卫生防疫机构应当立即采取有效措施。
第二十条 县级以上卫生行政部门负责饮用水污染事故的调查,发现饮用水污染危及人体健康必须停止使用时,对二次供水单位和自建设施供水单位,责令其停止供水;对城市公共供水单位应当会同城镇供水行政部门报同级人民政府批准后,责令其停止供水,并尽快消除污染,恢复正
常供水。
第二十一条 饮用水供水设备及用品应当符合国家卫生标准,并受卫生行政部门的监督和管理。
第二十二条 违反本规定第七条、第八条,造成饮用水水源污染的,按照国家和本省有关法律、法规规定予以处罚。
第二十三条 城市公共供水、二次供水、自建设施供水的单位违反本规定第九条、第十条、第十一条规定的,由县级以上卫生行政部门给予警告,责令其限期改正;逾期不改正的,处以500元以上1000元以下的罚款。
第二十四条 违反本规定有下列情形之一的,由县级以上卫生行政部门责令其限期改正,并处以1000元以上2000元以下的罚款:
(一)拒绝卫生监督监测的;
(二)未取得饮用水卫生合格证供水的;
(三)供应的饮用水不符合国家规定的生活饮用水卫生标准的;
(四)从事饮用水供水设施清洗、消毒、检修业务的单位不符合规定条件的;
(五)从事饮用水供水、管水和供水设施清洗、清毒、检修的人员未取得体检合格证或未经卫生知识培训上岗的。
第二十五条 销售、使用饮用水供水设备及用品不符合国家卫生标准的,视情节轻重,由县级以上卫生行政部门责令其改正,有违法所得的,没收违法所得,并处以违法所得1倍以上3倍以下的罚款,但最高不超过30000元;没有违法所得的,处以3000元以上5000元以下
的罚款。
第二十六条 当事人对处罚决定不服的,可以按照《行政复议条例》和《中华人民共和国行政诉讼法》的有关规定,申请行政复议或提起诉讼。当事人对处罚决定在法定期限内不履行又不提起诉讼,做出处罚的行政机关可以申请人民法院强制执行。
第二十七条 卫生行政部门和卫生防疫机构的工作人员违反本规定,玩忽职守、徇私舞弊、索贿受贿,构成犯罪的,依法追究刑事责任;尚不构成犯罪的,依法给予行政处分。
第二十八条 开发区、农村墟集、国营农场等区域或单位的饮用水的卫生监督管理参照本规定执行。
第二十九条 本规定具体应用中的问题,由省卫生行政部门负责解释。
第三十条 本规定自发布之日起施行。



1998年10月20日
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上海市对外贸易经营者备案登记操作办法

上海市外经贸委


上海市对外贸易经营者备案登记操作办法



  一、根据《中华人民共和国对外贸易法》(以下简称《外贸法》)的有关规定,对外贸易经营者是指依法办理工商登记或者其他执业手续,依照外贸法和其他有关法律、行政法规的规定从事对外贸易经营活动的法人、其他组织或者个人。
  二、根据国家商务部授权,上海市对外经济贸易委员会负责办理上海市对外贸易经营者的备案登记手续。拟从事货物进出口和技术进出口业务的企业和个人,应先向工商管理部门办理经营范围变更或工商登记注册手续后,再向上海市外经贸委办理对外贸易经营者备案登记手续。
  三、操作办法:
  网上在线填写《上海市对外贸易经营者备案登记信息表》。
  网上填写完成后将下列备案登记材料送交上海市娄山关路55号(新虹桥大厦)1403室:
  1、已签字、盖章的《上海市对外贸易经营者备案登记信息表》;
  2、营业执照复印件;
  3、组织机构代码证书复印件;
  4、企业法定代表人有效身份证明复印件;
  5、对外贸易经营者为外商投资企业的,还应提交外商投资企业批准证书复印件;
  6、依法办理工商登记的个体工商户(独资经营者),须提交合法公证机构出具的财产公证证明;依法办理工商登记的外国(地区)企业,须提交经合法公证机构出具的资金信用证明文件。
  上海市外经贸委在收到企业送交的备案登记材料后5个工作日完成备案登记手续,并发放《对外贸易经营者备案登记表》(受理时间:周一、三、五,9:30-16:30,电话:62754440 62195869)。
  四、企业也可以通过国家商务部网站下载《对外贸易经营者备案登记表》,填写后连同上述备案登记材料送交上海市外经贸委办理备案登记手续。
  
  网址:http://www.smert.gov.cn ;http://www.maofa.sh.cn

上海市外经贸委
2004年7月12日










GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF THE CIVIL LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ——附加英文版

The National People's Congress


GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF THE CIVIL LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

(Adopted at the Fourth Session of the Sixth National People's
Congress, promulgated by Order No. 37 of the President of the People's
Republic of China on April 12, 1986, and effective as of January 1, 1987)

Contents
Chapter I Basic Principles
Chapter II Citizen (Natural Person)
Section 1 Capacity for Civil Rights and Capacity for Civil
Conduct
Section 2 Guardianship
Section 3 Declarations of Missing Persons and Death
Section 4 Individual Businesses and Leaseholding Farm
Households
Section 5 Individual Partnership
Chapter III Legal Persons
Section 1 General Stipulations
Section 2 Enterprise as Legal Person
Section 3 Official Organ, Institution and Social
Organization as Legal Persons
Section 4 Economic Association
Chapter IV Civil Juristic Acts and Agency
Section 1 Civil Juristic Acts
Section 2 Agency
Chapter V Civil Rights
Section 1 Property Ownership and Related Property Rights
Section 2 Creditors' Rights
Section 3 Intellectual Property Rights
Section 4 Personal Rights
Chapter VI Civil Liability
Section 1 General Stipulations
Section 2 Civil Liability for Breach of Contract
Section 3 Civil Liability for Infringement of Rights
Section 4 Methods of Bearing Civil Liability
Chapter VII Limitation of Action
Chapter VIII Application of Law in Civil Relations with Foreigners
Chapter IX Supplementary Provisions

Chapter I Basic Principles
Article 1
This Law is formulated in accordance with the Constitution and the actual
situation in our country, drawing upon our practical experience in civil
activities, for the purpose of protecting the lawful civil rights and
interests of citizens and legal persons and correctly adjusting civil
relations, so as to meet the needs of the developing socialist
modernization.
Article 2
The Civil Law of the People's Republic of China shall adjust property
relationships and personal relationships between civil subjects with equal
status, that is, between citizens, between legal persons and between
citizens and legal persons.
Article 3
Parties to a civil activity shall have equal status.
Article 4
In civil activities, the principles of voluntariness, fairness, making
compensation for equal value, honesty and credibility shall be observed.
Article 5
The lawful civil rights and interests of citizens and legal persons shall
be protected by law; no organization or individual may infringe upon them.
Article 6
Civil activities must be in compliance with the law; where there are no
relevant provisions in the law, they shall be in compliance with state
policies.
Article 7
Civil activities shall have respect for social ethics and shall not harm
the public interest, undermine state economic plans or disrupt social
economic order.
Article 8
The law of the People's Republic of China shall apply to civil activities
within the People's Republic of China, except as otherwise stipulated by
law.
The stipulations of this Law as regards citizens shall apply to foreigners
and stateless persons within the People's Republic of China, except as
otherwise stipulated by law.

Chapter II Citizen (Natural Person)
Section 1 Capacity for Civil Rights and Capacity for Civil Conduct.
Article 9
A citizen shall have the capacity for civil rights from birth to death and
shall enjoy civil rights and assume civil obligations in accordance with
the law.
Article 10
All citizens are equal as regards their capacity for civil rights.
Article 11
A citizen aged 18 or over shall be an adult. He shall have full capacity
for civil conduct, may independently engage in civil activities and shall
be called a person with full capacity for civil conduct.
A citizen who has reached the age of 16 but not the age of 18 and whose
main source of income is his own labour shall be regarded as a person with
full capacity for civil conduct.
Article 12
A minor aged 10 or over shall be a person with limited capacity for civil
conduct and may engage in civil activities appropriate to his age and
intellect; in other civil activities, he shall be represented by his agent
ad litem or participate with the consent of his agent ad litem.
A minor under the age of 10 shall be a person having no capacity for civil
conduct and shall be represented in civil activities by his agent ad
litem.
Article 13
A mentally ill person who is unable to account for his own conduct shall
be a person having no capacity for civil conduct and shall be represented
in civil activities by his agent ad litem.
A mentally ill person who is unable to fully account for his own conduct
shall be a person with limited capacity for civil conduct and may engage
in civil activities appropriate to his mental health; in other civil
activities, he shall be represented by his agent ad litem or participate
with the consent of his agent ad litem.
Article 14
The guardian of a person without or with limited capacity for civil
conduct shall be his agent ad litem.
Article 15
The domicile of a citizen shall be the place where his residence is
registered; if his habitual residence is not the same as his domicile, his
habitual residence shall be regarded as his domicile.
Section 2 Guardianship
Article 16
The parents of a minor shall be his guardians.
If the parents of a minor are dead or lack the competence to be his
guardian, a person from the following categories who has the competence to
be a guardian shall act as his guardian:
(1) paternal or maternal grandparent;
(2) elder brother or sister; or
(3) any other closely connected relative or friend willing to bear the
responsibility of guardianship and having approval from the units of the
minor's parents or from the neighbourhood or village committee in the
place of the minor's residence. In case of a dispute over guardianship,
the units of the minor's parents or the neighbourhood or village committee
in the place of his residence shall appoint a guardian from among the
minor's near relatives. If disagreement over the appointment leads to a
lawsuit, the people's court shall make a ruling.
If none of the persons listed in the first two paragraphs of this article
is available to be the guardian, the units of the minor's parents, the
neighbourhood or village committee in the place of the minor's residence
or the civil affairs department shall act as his guardian.
Article 17
A person from the following categories shall act as guardian for a
mentally ill person without or with limited capacity for civil conduct:
(1) spouse;
(2) parent;
(3) adult child;
(4) any other near relative;
(5) any other closely connected relative or friend willing to bear the
responsibility of guardianship and having approval from the unit to which
the mentally ill person belongs or from the neighbourhood or village
committee in the place of his residence. In case of a dispute over
guardianship, the unit to which the mentally ill person belongs or the
neighbourhood or village committee in the place of his residence shall
appoint a guardian from among his near relatives. If disagreement over the
appointment leads to a lawsuit, the people's court shall make a ruling.
If none of the persons listed in the first paragraph of this article is
available to be the guardian, the unit to which the mentally ill person
belongs, the neighbourhood or village committee in the place of his
residence or the civil affairs department shall act as his guardian.
Article 18
A guardian shall fulfil his duty of guardianship and protect the person,
property and other lawful rights and interests of his ward. A guardian
shall not handle the property of his ward unless it is in the ward's
interests.
A guardian's rights to fulfil his guardianship in accordance with the law
shall be protected by law.
If a guardian does not fulfil his duties as guardian or infringes upon the
lawful rights and interests of his ward, he shall be held responsible; if
a guardian causes any property loss for his ward, he shall compensate for
such loss. The people's court may disqualify a guardian based on the
application of a concerned party or unit.
Article 19
A person who shares interests with a mental patient may apply to a
people's court for a declaration that the mental patient is a person
without or with limited capacity for civil conduct.
With the recovery of the health of a person who has been declared by a
people's court to be without or with limited capacity for civil conduct,
and upon his own application or that of an interested person, the people's
court may declare him to be a person with limited or full capacity for
civil conduct.
Section 3 Declarations of Missing Persons and Death
Article 20
If a citizen's whereabouts have been unknown for two years, an interested
person may apply to a people's court for a declaration of the citizen as
missing.
If a person's whereabouts become unknown during a war, the calculation of
the time period in which his whereabouts are unknown shall begin on the
final day of the war.
Article 21
A missing person's property shall be placed in the custody of his spouse,
parents, adult children or other closely connected relatives or friends.
In case of a dispute over custody, if the persons stipulated above are
unavailable or are incapable of taking such custody, the property shall be
placed in the custody of a person appointed by the people's court. Any
taxes, debts and other unpaid expenses owed by a missing person shall
defrayed by the custodian out of the missing person's property.
Article 22
In the event that a person who has been declared missing reappears or his
whereabouts are ascertained, the people's court shall, upon his own
application or that of an interested person, revoke the declaration of his
missing-person status.
Article 23
Under either of the following circumstances, an interested person may
apply to the people's court for a declaration of a citizen's death:
(1) if the citizen's whereabouts have been unknown for four years or
(2) if the citizen's whereabouts have been unknown for two years after the
date of an accident in which he was involved.
If a person's whereabouts become unknown during a war, the calculation of
the time period in which his whereabouts are unknown shall begin on the
final day of the war.
Article 24
In the event that a person who has been declared dead reappears or it is
ascertained that he is alive, the people's court shall, upon his own
application or that of an interested person, revoke the declaration of his
death.
Any civil juristic acts performed by a person with capacity for civil
conduct during the period in which he has been declared dead shall be
valid.
Article 25
A person shall have the right to request the return of his property, if
the declaration of his death has been revoked. Any citizen or organization
that has obtained such property in accordance with the Law of Succession
shall return the original items or make appropriate compensation if the
original items no longer exist.
Section 4 Individual Businesses and Leaseholding Farm Households
Article 26
"Individual businesses" refers to business run by individual citizens who
have been lawfully registered and approved to engage in industrial or
commercial operation within the sphere permitted by law. An individual
business may adopt a shop name.
Article 27
"Leaseholding farm households" refers to members of a rural collective
economic organization who engage in commodity production under a contract
and within the spheres permitted by law.
Article 28
The legitimate rights and interests of individual businesses and
leaseholding farm households shall be protected by law.
Article 29
The debts of an individual business or a leaseholding farm household shall
be secured with the individual's property if the business is operated by
an individual and with the family's property if the business is operated
by a family.
Section 5 Individual Partnership
Article 30
"Individual partnership" refers to two or more citizens associated in a
business and working together, with each providing funds, material
objects, techniques and so on according to an agreement.
Article 31
Partners shall make a written agreement covering the funds each is to
provide, the distribution of profits, the responsibility for debts, the
entering into and withdrawal from partnership, the ending of partnership
and other such matters.
Article 32
The property provided by the partners shall be under their unified
management and use. The property accumulated in a partnership operation
shall belong to all the partners.
Article 33
An individual partnership may adopt a shop name; it shall be approved and
registered in accordance with the law and conduct business operations
within the range as approved and registered.
Article 34
The operational activities of an individual partnership shall be decided
jointly by the partners, who each shall have the right to carry out and
supervise those activities. The partners may elect a responsible person.
All partners shall bear civil liability for the operational activities of
the responsible person and other personnel.
Article 35
A partnership's debts shall be secured with the partners' property in
proportion to their respective contributions to the investment or
according to the agreement made. Partners shall undertake joint liability
for their partnership's debts, except as otherwise stipulated by law. Any
partner who overpays his share of the partnership's debts shall have the
right to claim compensation from the other partners.

Chapter III Legal Persons
Section 1 General Stipulations
Article 36
A legal person shall be an organization that has capacity for civil rights
and capacity for civil conduct and independently enjoys civil rights and
assumes civil obligations in accordance with the law.
A legal person's capacity for civil rights and capacity for civil conduct
shall begin when the legal person is established and shall end when the
legal person terminates.
Article 37
A legal person shall have the following qualifications:
(1) establishment in accordance with the law;
(2) possession of the necessary property or funds;
(3) possession of its own name, organization and premises; and
(4) ability to independently bear civil liability.
Article 38
In accordance with the law or the articles of association of the legal
person, the responsible person who acts on behalf of the legal person in
exercising its functions and powers shall be its legal representative.
Article 39
A legal person's domicile shall be the place where its main administrative
office is located.
Article 40
When a legal person terminates, it shall go into liquidation in accordance
with the law and discontinue all other activities.
Section 2 Enterprise as Legal Person
Article 41
An enterprise owned by the whole people or under collective ownership
shall be qualified as a legal person when it has sufficient funds as
stipulated by the state; has articles of association, an organization and
premises; has the ability to independently bear civil liability; and has
been approved and registered by the competent authority. A Chinese-
foreign equity joint venture, Chinese-foreign contractual joint venture or
foreign-capital enterprise established within the People's Republic of
China shall be qualified as a legal person in China if it has the
qualifications of a legal person and has been approved and registered by
the administrative agency for industry and commerce in according with the
law.
Article 42
An enterprise as legal person shall conduct operations within the range
approved and registered.
Article 43
An enterprise as legal person shall bear civil liability for the
operational activities of its legal representatives and other personnel.
Article 44
If an enterprise as legal person is divided or merged or undergoes any
other important change, it shall register the change with the registration
authority and publicly announce it.
When an enterprise as legal person is divided or merged, its rights and
obligations shall be enjoyed and assumed by the new legal person that
results from the change.
Article 45
An enterprise as legal person shall terminate for any of the following
reasons:
(1) if it is dissolved by law;
(2) if it is disbanded;
(3) if it is declared bankrupt in accordance with the law; or
(4) for other reasons.
Article 46
When an enterprise as legal person terminates, it shall cancel its
registration with the registration authority and publicly announce the
termination.
Article 47
When an enterprise as legal person is disbanded, it shall establish a
liquidation organization and go into liquidation. When an enterprise as
legal person is dissolved or is declared bankrupt, the competent authority
or a people's court shall organize the organs and personnel concerned to
establish a liquidation organization to liquidate the enterprise.
Article 48
An enterprise owned by the whole people, as legal person, shall bear civil
liability with the property that the state authorizes it to manage. An
enterprise under collective ownership, as legal person, shall bear civil
liability with the property it owns. A Chinese-foreign equity joint
venture, Chinese-foreign contractual joint venture or foreign-capital
enterprise as legal person shall bear civil liability with the property it
owns, except as stipulated otherwise by law.
Article 49
Under any of the following circumstances, an enterprise as legal person
shall bear liability, its legal representative may additionally be given
administrative sanctions and fined and, if the offence constitutes a
crime, criminal responsibility shall be investigated in accordance with
the law:
(1) conducting illegal operations beyond the range approved and registered
by the registration authority;
(2) concealing facts from the registration and tax authorities and
practising fraud;
(3) secretly withdrawing funds or hiding property to evade repayment of
debts;
(4) disposing of property without authorization after the enterprise is
dissolved, disbanded or declared bankrupt;
(5) failing to apply for registration and make a public announcement
promptly when the enterprise undergoes a change or terminates, thus
causing interested persons to suffer heavy losses;
(6) engaging in other activities prohibited by law, damaging the interests
of the state or the public interest.
Section 3 Official Organ, Institution and Social Organization as Legal
Person
Article 50
An independently funded official organ shall be qualified as a legal
person on the day it is established.
If according to law an institution or social organization having the
qualifications of a legal person needs not go through the procedures for
registering as a legal person, it shall be qualified as a legal person on
the day it is established; if according to law it does need to go through
the registration procedures, it shall be qualified as a legal person after
being approved and registered.
Section 4 Economic Association
Article 51
If a new economic entity is formed by enterprises or an enterprise and an
institution that engage in economic association and it independently bears
civil liability and has the qualifications of a legal person, the new
entity shall be qualified as a legal person after being approved and
registered by the competent authority.
Article 52
If the enterprises or an enterprise and an institution that engage in
economic association conduct joint operation but do not have the
qualifications of a legal person, each party to the association shall, in
proportion to its respective contribution to the investment or according
to the agreement made, bear civil liability with the property each party
owns or manages. If joint liability is specified by law or by agreement,
the parties shall assume joint liability.
Article 53
If the contract for economic association of enterprises or of an
enterprise and an institution specifies that each party shall conduct
operations independently, it shall stipulate the rights and obligations of
each party, and each party shall bear civil liability separately.

Chapter IV Civil Juristic Acts and Agency
Section 1 Civil Juristic Acts
Article 54
A civil juristic act shall be the lawful act of a citizen or legal person
to establish, change or terminate civil rights and obligations.
Article 55
A civil juristic act shall meet the following requirements:
(1) the actor has relevant capacity for civil conduct;
(2) the intention expressed is genuine; and
(3) the act does not violate the law or the public interest.
Article 56
A civil juristic act may be in written, oral or other form. If the law
stipulates that a particular form be adopted, such stipulation shall be
observed.
Article 57
A civil juristic act shall be legally binding once it is instituted. The
actor shall not alter or rescind his act except in accordance with the law
or with the other party's consent.
Article 58
Civil acts in the following categories shall be null and void:
(1) those performed by a person without capacity for civil conduct;
(2) those that according to law may not be independently performed by a
person with limited capacity for civil conduct;
(3) those performed by a person against his true intentions as a result of
cheating, coercion or exploitation of his unfavourable position by the
other party;
(4) those that performed through malicious collusion are detrimental to
the interest of the state, a collective or a third party;
(5) those that violate the law or the public interest;
(6) economic contracts that violate the state's mandatory plans; and
(7) those that performed under the guise of legitimate acts conceal
illegitimate purposes. Civil acts that are null and void shall not be
legally binding from the very beginning.
Article 59
A party shall have the right to request a people's court or an arbitration
agency to alter or rescind the following civil acts:
(1) those performed by an actor who seriously misunderstood the contents
of the acts;
(2) those that are obviously unfair.
Rescinded civil acts shall be null and void from the very beginning.
Article 60
If part of a civil act is null and void, it shall not affect the validity
of other parts.
Article 61
After a civil act has been determined to be null and void or has been
rescinded, the party who acquired property as a result of the act shall
return it to the party who suffered a loss. The erring party shall
compensate the other party for the losses it suffered as a result of the
act; if both sides are in error, they shall each bear their proper share
of the responsibility.
If the two sides have conspired maliciously and performed a civil act that
is detrimental to the interests of the state, a collective or a third
party, the property that they thus obtained shall be recovered and turned
over to the state or the collective, or returned to the third party.
Article 62
A civil juristic act may have conditions attached to it. Conditional civil
juristic acts shall take effect when the relevant conditions are met.
Section 2 Agency
Article 63
Citizens and legal persons may perform civil juristic acts through agents
An agent shall perform civil juristic acts in the principal's name within
the scope of the power of agency. The principal shall bear civil liability
for the agent's acts of agency. Civil juristic acts that should be
performed by the principal himself, pursuant to legal provisions or the
agreement between the two parties, shall not be entrusted to an agent.
Article 64
Agency shall include entrusted agency, statutory agency and appointed
agency. An entrusted agent shall exercise the power of agency as
entrusted by the principal; a statutory agent shall exercise the power of
agency as prescribed by law; and an appointed agent shall exercise the
power of agency as designated by a people's court or the appointing unit.
Article 65
A civil juristic act may be entrusted to an agent in writing or orally. If
legal provisions require the entrustment to be written, it shall be
effected in writing. Where the entrustment of agency is in writing, the
power of attorney shall clearly state the agent's name, the entrusted
tasks and the scope and duration of the power of agency, and it shall be
signed or sealed by the principal.
If the power of attorney is not clear as to the authority conferred, the
principal shall bear civil liability towards the third party, and the
agent shall be held jointly liable.
Article 66
The principal shall bear civil liability for an act performed by an actor
with no power of agency, beyond the scope of his power of agency or after
his power of agency has expired, only if he recognizes the act
retroactively. If the act is not so recognized, the performer shall bear
civil liability for it. If a principal is aware that a civil act is being
executed in his name but fails to repudiate it, his consent shall be
deemed to have been given.
An agent shall bear civil liability if he fails to perform his duties and
thus causes damage to the principal.
If an agent and a third party in collusion harm the principal's interests,
the agent and the third party shall be held jointly liable.
If a third party is aware that an actor has no power of agency, is
overstepping his power of agency, or his power of agency has expired and
yet joins him in a civil act and thus brings damage to other people, the
third party and the actor shall be held jointly liable.
Article 67
If an agent is aware that the matters entrusted are illegal but still
carries them out, or if a principal is aware that his agent's acts are
illegal but fails to object to them, the principal and the agent shall be
held jointly liable.
Article 68
If in the principal's interests an entrusted agent needs to transfer the

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